The economic benefits and costs of trees in urban forest stewardship: A systematic review

Understanding the benefits provided by urban trees is important to justify investment and improve stewardship. Many studies have attempted to quantify the benefits of trees in monetary terms, though fewer have quantified the associated costs of planting and maintaining them. This systematic review examines the methods used to jointly analyse the costs and benefits of trees in the urban landscape, assesses the relative balance of benefits and costs, and attempts to understand the wide variation in economic values assigned in different studies. The benefits most frequently studied are those related to environmental regulation and property values, and the available data show that these usually outweigh the costs. Aesthetic, amenity, and shading benefits have also been shown to provide significant economic benefits, while benefits in terms of water regulation, carbon reduction and air quality are usually more modest. Variation in benefits and costs among studies is attributed largely to differences in the species composition and age structure of urban tree populations, though methodological differences also play a role. Comparison between studies is made difficult owing to differences in spatiotemporal scope, and in the way urban forest composition and demographic structure were reported. The overwhelming majority of studies concern deciduous trees in Northern America, and much less is known about urban forests in other regions, especially in the tropics. Future work should thus seek to fill these knowledge gaps, and standardise research protocols across cities. In light of ambitious goals in many cities to increase tree cover, ongoing advances in valuation methods need to provide a more comprehensive accounting of benefits and costs, and to better integrate economic assessment into the decision-making process.     

枇杷属植物落黄叶片颜色遗传多样性分析

调查发现枇杷属(Eriobotrya)植物种质落黄叶片有红褐色、金黄色、紫红色等24种代表性色泽。通过便携式色差仪观测枇杷属10个种176份种质落黄叶片正面和背面的色泽参数,探讨落黄叶片颜色的遗传多样性特征。结果表明:(1)枇杷属植物落黄叶片正面和背面的色泽参数L、a、b值变异系数差异较大,变幅为8.65%~185.30%,Shannon’s遗传多样性指数为1.95,说明落黄叶片色泽变异多样;(2)不同种质类群间和不同来源地类群间的变异系数和Shannon’s遗传多样性指数差异均较明显,呈现出栽培驯化程度越高,落黄叶片正面和背面的b值变异系数越小和a值变异系数越大的趋势;云南、贵州、福建地区的类群多样性指数较高;(3)系统聚类将落黄叶片正面色泽划分成12组,背面分成10组,且各组内所包含的枇杷种质类型差异大;(4)L值、b值对落黄叶片正面和背面的系统聚类分析贡献率均较大,落黄叶片正面L值与背面b值呈极显著正相关;(5)落黄叶片颜色的遗传多样性可作为枇杷属植物形态学特征描述的补充,为枇杷属植物的鉴别和利用提供新的参考,对枇杷分类研究具有潜在价值。     

湖北省漂流旅游可持续发展研究

近10年的快速发展做大了中国漂流旅游业,保障漂流旅游可持续发展已经迫在眉睫。以湖北省漂流企业为例,考察漂流旅游面临的突出问题。结果表明,漂流旅游存在过度开发、恶性竞争;安全生产存在隐患;造成社会矛盾;经济杠杆作用有限;漂流保险缺位等问题。因此,需要制定市场准入标准,促进漂流提质升级;出台安全生产管理规范,大力管控风险;创新运营模式,突出漂流旅游的社会贡献;推出漂流旅游保险,解决游客后顾之忧。     

藜麦在中国的适应性种植及发展展望

为了了解藜麦在中国地区的发展现状,本研究归纳了藜麦的植物学特性和营养价值,分析了国内藜麦产业存在的种质资源匮乏、种质创新应用不足、高产栽培技术尚未成熟等问题,并提出了提高藜麦产业投入、促进产业多形式发展的发展对策,为藜麦在中国的推广种植和产业发展提供理论参考。     

自然冷资源低温储藏仓设计与稻谷储藏试验

为解决稻谷在高温干燥和储藏过程中品质损失问题,设计了自然冷资源低温储藏仓,利用冬季环境下形成的自然冰为高含水率稻谷制冷,以减少高温干燥稻谷工序并减少储藏期间稻谷的品质劣变。试验检测自然冷资源低温储藏仓内稻谷的储藏品质与加工品的变化,并与传统常温仓做对比,结果表明:所设计的自然冷资源低温储藏仓供冷均匀、能耗低、无污染,其制冷系统的能效比为3.54;初始含水率为16.5%的高含水率稻谷在自然冷资源低温储藏仓中能安全储藏5个月,平均含水率呈缓慢下降趋势,最终达到(15.1±0.5)%;自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷粮温稳定,平均粮温为9.8℃;储藏期结束后,稻谷脂肪酸质量比为18.3 mg/(100 g),发芽率为86.75%,霉菌总数为5.1×104CFU/g,自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷的出糙率和整精米率比常温储藏的稻谷分别提高了5.41个百分点和9.57个百分点,裂纹率比常温仓的稻谷降低了13.88个百分点,自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷的储藏品质和加工品质显著优于常温仓中稻谷。     

沃柑在桂林市种植表现及品质特性

为了解优良晚熟杂柑沃柑在桂林市的种植表现，引进沃柑品种并进行试种和调查分析。结果表明，沃柑在桂林市2月下旬果实成熟，平均单果质量186.65g，果实可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量分别为14.16%和 8.91%；定植4年后平均单株产量达34.01kg，平均单位面积产量和产值分别为44893.2 kg/ha和35.91万元/ha。沃柑在桂林市综合表现较好，在柑橘品种改造中可选择作为优良品种进行推广。     

Relative Efficiency Evaluation on Water Resource Utilization

Water resource allocation was defined as an input-output question in this paper, and a preliminary input-output index system was set up. Then GEM （group eigenvalue method）-MAUE （multi-attribute utility theory） model was applied to evaluate relative efficiency of water resource allocation plans. This model determined weights of indicators by GEM, and assessed the allocation schemes by MAUE. Compared with DEA （Data Envelopment Analysis） or ANN （Artificial Neural Networks）, the mode was more applicable in some cases where decision-makers had preference for certain indicators     

CITES公约中云南濒危管制木材树种资源概述

根据CITES公约附录保护与管制木材种类名录，对云南处于濒危管制的木材树种资源现状进行研究。结果表明，全省被列入CITES公约的木材共有8种（类），其中附录Ⅱ有5种（类），附录Ⅲ有3种（类）。     

基于SWOT分析的铜陵旅游业发展对策研究

阐述了铜陵市旅游业发展现状,在对铜陵发展旅游业所具有的优势、机会、劣势及挑战因素的SWOT分析和总结的基础上,提出相应解决方法和对策。     

甘肃省农村信息化发展水平探讨

农村信息化是社会主义新农村建设的重要内容,是解决"三农"问题的突破口。对于欠发达的甘肃农村经济,近年来虽然取得很大进步,但总体水平还不高,与发达地区的差距还很明显。在客观数据的基础上,基于因子分析方法建立了综合评价农村信息化水平的模型,直观的比较了各省市的农村信息化水平,认为信息资源的利用情况和信息基础设施建设的差异是评价农村信息化水平的决定因素,提高农村信息化水平必须从这两方面着手,切实可行的推进甘肃农村信息化的发展。